Internet Access Services:
Status as of December 31, 2021
Industry Analysis Division
Office of Economics & Analytics
August 2023
This report is available for reference in the FCC’s Reference Information Center, 45 L Street NE, Washington,
DC 20554. Copies may be purchased by contacting Best Copy and Printing, Inc., 45 L Street NE, Washington,
DC 20554, telephone (800) 378-3160, or via their website at www.bcpiweb.com. The report can also be
downloaded from the Internet Access Services Reports webpage at https://www.fcc.gov/internet-access-
services-reports. To discuss the information in this report, please call (202) 418-0940 or send an e-mail to
OEA-IADreports@fcc.gov.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1: OVERVIEW & HIGHLIGHTS .....................................................................1
Introduction ..............................................................................................................................1
Total Connections ....................................................................................................................2
Figure 1 Fixed and Mobile Connections by Speed 2018-2021 .....................................2
Connections by Speed ..............................................................................................................3
Figure 2(a) Distribution of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed.............................3
Figure 2(b) Distribution of Fixed Connections by Upstream Speed .................................4
Figure 3 Fixed Connections by Speed 2018-2021 ........................................................5
Number of Providers by Census Block ..................................................................................6
Figure 4 Percentages of Developed Census Blocks in which Providers
Report Deployment of Residential Fixed Broadband .....................................6
Internet Access Subscribership ..............................................................................................7
Figure 5 Fixed Connections 2006-2021 ........................................................................7
Other Report Highlights..........................................................................................................8
SECTION 2: SUMMARY STATISTICS - THE NATION ..............................................10
SECTION 3: SUMMARY STATISTICS - THE STATES ...............................................28
SECTION 4: SUMMARY STATISTICS - COUNTIES AND CENSUS TRACTS .......38
SECTION 5: CORRELATION RESULTS - DEMOGRAPHIC MEASURES ..............48
Technical Notes ......................................................................................................................55
Glossary ..................................................................................................................................58
SECTION 1: OVERVIEW & HIGHLIGHTS
Introduction
This report summarizes information about Internet access connections in the United States as of
December 31, 2021 as collected by FCC Form 477. For purposes of this report, Internet access
connections are those in service, over 200 kilobits per second (kbps) in at least one direction, and reported
to the FCC through Form 477.
1
The report includes data on total and residential Internet access connections by downstream and upstream
speed, by technology, by geography, and over time. Section 2 of the report presents nationwide statistics,
Section 3 provides state-level data, and Section 4 includes data on the subscribership differences among
counties and census tracts.
2
In addition, Section 5 of the report includes an analysis of the correlations
between subscribership ratios and various demographic measures.
3
Maps depicting the number of fixed
connections per 1,000 households by census tract are available online at https://www.fcc.gov/internet-
access-services-reports.
1
See the Technical Notes and Glossary at the end of this report for more-detailed information about the FCC Form
477 data collection and the meaning of terms used in this report.
2
The Commission began collecting census tract-level data for data as of December 31, 2008. See High-Speed
Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2008 (February 2010) at 1-4, available at
http://www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/high-speed-services-internet-access-reports (December 2008 High-Speed Report).
3
Publicly-available data that are too voluminous to include in this report are available online at
https://www.fcc.gov/general/fcc-form-477-additional-data.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
1
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
Total Connections
As shown in Figure 1, total Internet connections increased by about 3.9% between December
2020 and December 2021 to 510 million. Mobile Internet connections increased 4.0% year-over-
year to 384 million in December 2021, while fixed connections grew to 126 million – up about
3.7% from December 2020.
Figure 1
Fixed and Mobile Connections 2018-2021
Source: FCC Form 477.
residential and business connections.
Fixed
Mobile
340.3
110.8
451.1
346.6
112.7
459.3
352.0
114.3
466.3
361.7
118.4
480.2
369.6
121.3
490.9
376.8
123.4
500.3
384.4
125.8
510.2
Connections in Millions
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
Dec
2018
Jun
2019
Dec
2019
Jun
2020
Dec
2020
Jun
2021
Dec
2021
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
2
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
Connections by Speed
Fixed connections – downstream speeds. Figure 2(a) illustrates how the 126 million fixed connections
reported for December 2021 were distributed across the five groups of downstream speeds defined by
breakpoints at 10 Mbps, 25 Mbps, 100 Mbps, and 940 Mbps. See Figure 9 for more detail.
Figure 2(a)
Distribution of Fixed Connections (125.8 million) by Downstream Speed
as of December 31, 2021
Source: FCC Form 477.
Note: Numbers may not sum to total due to rounding.
Downstream Speed Less than 10 Mbps (6.1 million)
At least 10 Mbps & less than 25 Mbps (8.3 million)
At least 25 Mbps & less than 100 Mbps (22.9 million)
At least 100 Mbps & less than 940 Mbps (71.8 million)
At least 940 Mbps (16.7 million)
4.9%
6.6%
18.2%
57.0%
13.3%
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
3
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
Fixed connections – upstream speeds. Figure 2(b) illustrates how the 126 million fixed connections
reported for December 2021 were distributed across the five groups of upstream speeds defined by
breakpoints at 1 Mbps, 3 Mbps, 20 Mbps, and 500 Mbps. See Figure 9 for more detail.
Figure 2(b)
Distribution of Fixed Connections (125.8 million) by Upstream Speed
as of December 31, 2021
Source: FCC Form 477.
Note: Numbers may not sum to total due to rounding.
Upstream Speed Less than 1 Mbps (4.7 million)
At least 1 Mbps & less than 3 Mbps (8.3 million)
At least 3 Mbps & less than 20 Mbps (66.1 million)
At least 20 Mbps & less than 500 Mbps (35.1 million)
At least 500 Mbps (11.7 million)
3.7%
6.6%
52.5%
27.9%
9.3%
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
4
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
Fixed connections by downstream speed over time. Figure 3 illustrates how the composition of total fixed
Internet connections by different speed groups has changed from 2018 to 2021.
The percentage of fixed connections with a downstream speed of at least 100 Mbps has grown
from 54% (or 60 million connections) in December 2018 to 70% (or 89 million connections) in
December 2021. Over the same period, the percentage of fixed connections with downstream
speeds of less than 10 Mbps has decreased from 10% (or 12 million connections) in December
2018 to about 5% (or about 6 million connections) in December 2021.
Figure 3
Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed 2018-2021
Source: FCC Form 477.
residential and business connections.
Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Connections include both
At least 940 Mbps
At least 100 Mbps and less than 940 Mbps
At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps
At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps
Less than 10 Mbps
11.5
14.7
24.4
56.6
110.8
10.4
13.9
24.1
59.7
4.6
112.7
9.0
13.1
22.1
64.1
6.0
114.3
8.4
11.2
23.6
66.6
8.6
118.4
7.4
10.3
22.6
69.0
12.0
121.3
6.8
9.0
22.8
70.7
14.1
123.4
6.1
8.3
22.9
71.8
16.7
125.8
Connections in Millions
0
50
100
Dec
2018
Jun
2019
Dec
2019
Jun
2020
Dec
2020
Jun
2021
Dec
2021
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
5
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
Number of Providers by Census Block
In Figure 4, we show the percentage of “developed” census blocks – blocks that contain housing units –
with zero, one, two, or three or more fixed broadband providers offering residential Internet access
service at different speeds in December 2021. This information is taken from the block-level FCC Form
477 fixed broadband deployment data that the Commission began collecting in 2014.
4
A provider that
reports offering service in a particular census block may not offer service, or service at that speed, to all
locations in the census block. Accordingly, the number of providers shown in Figure 4 does not
necessarily reflect the number of choices available to a particular household and does not purport to
measure competition.
4
Download these data and explore the interactive map at https://broadband477map.fcc.gov/#/.
Figure 4
Percentages of Developed Census Blocks in which Providers Reported the Deployment of
Residential Fixed Broadband as of December 31, 2021
Source: FCC Form 477.
Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Developed census blocks are those with housing units based on the 2020 census.
least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream in 99.8% of developed Census blocks.
* Satellite service providers are excluded from this analysis. Satellite service providers report offering internet access at bandwidths of at
0 Providers 1 Provider 2 Providers 3+ Providers
4
14
24
59
6
18
26
49
17
41
31
11
68
30
Percentage of Census Blocks with Housing Units
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
At least 10 Mbps*
downstream and at least
1 Mbps upstream
At least 25 Mbps*
downstream and at least
3 Mbps upstream
At least 100 Mbps
downstream and at least
20 Mbps upstream
At least 940 Mbps
downstream and at least
500 Mbps upstream
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
6
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
Internet Access Subscribership
Figure 5 illustrates the number of total and residential fixed Internet access connections (connections over
200 kbps in at least one direction except mobile wireless connections), as well as the number of total
fixed connections per 100 persons and the number of residential fixed connections per 100 households,
since 2006.
Figure 5
Fixed Connections 2006-2021
(Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction)
Between December 2011 and December 2021, total (business and residential) fixed connections
grew from 88 million connections to 126 million connections – at a compound annual growth rate
of 4% per year.
5
Over the same ten-year period, residential fixed connections grew from 81 million connections to
116 million connections – also at a compound annual growth rate of 4% per year.
5
The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is a smoothed rate of growth calculated in three steps: (1) divide the
ending value by the beginning value; (2) raise the result of that division to a power equal to one divided by the
number of years in the period (in this case, 10 years, so the power is 1/10); (3) subtract the number one from the
result of the second step.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
7
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
From June 2011 to June 2021, the number of residential fixed connections per 100 U.S.
households increased from 65 to 86.
6
Other Report Highlights
Typical speeds
The median downstream speed of all reported fixed connections was 200 Mbps and the median
upstream speed was 10 Mbps. For residential fixed connections, the median downstream speed
was 200 Mbps and the median upstream speed was 10 Mbps.
Residential connections
Residential fixed Internet access connections increased by about 3.7% between December 2020
and December 2021, to about 116 million. See Figure 7.
Residential (non-business) mobile wireless Internet access connections on mobile devices with
data plans for full Internet access increased by about 8.4%, to 321 million, between December
2020 and December 2021. See Figure 7.
Approximately 95% of residential fixed connections had a speed of at least 10 Mbps downstream
and 1 Mbps upstream in December 2021, while 89% had a speed of at least 25 Mbps downstream
and 3 Mbps upstream. About 72% percent of all residential fixed connections had a downstream
speed of at least 100 Mbps. See Figures 10 and 29.
As a national average in December 2021, there were about 88 residential fixed connections with
speeds of at least 10 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream per 100 households; 82 residential
fixed connections with speeds of at least 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream per 100
households; and 32 residential fixed connections with speeds of at least 100 Mbps downstream
and 20 Mbps upstream per 100 households.
7
See Figure 34.
6
We calculate residential fixed connections per 100 households using, in the denominator, U.S. household estimates
from the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey (CPS) for July of each year and, for Puerto Rico and the other
inhabited island areas, Census 2010 households for 2010 and later years and Census 2000 households for the earlier
years. (The CPS also estimates U.S. households for March and November of each year.) Figure 5 also shows total
(business and residential) fixed connections per 100 population, which we calculate using U.S. Census Bureau
population estimates for the United States and Puerto Rico – which are as of July 1 each year – and, for the
remaining inhabited island areas, Census 2010 population for 2010 and later years and Census 2000 population for
the earlier years. This statistic incorporates connections to business locations into a comparison to persons. (We
note that the ratio of accurately-measured residential fixed connections to population has a maximum value for any
given country and point in time – the value when every household is connected – if we assume that no household
would have more than one fixed connection to its premises. For the United States in June, for example, the
maximum value would be 40 because there were about 133 million households in the United States and inhabited
insular areas and a population of about 336 million according to the sources used for Figure 5.)
7
Increases over time in the ratio of residential fixed connections to households indicate that increasing shares of
households are connected at home. The ratio is somewhat different from the “take rate” of offered service (which
may also be called an “adoption rate”) because some households may be located in areas where no fixed-location
service is offered. These methodological differences are discussed in greater detail in Inquiry Concerning the
Deployment of Advanced Telecommunications Capability to All Americans in a Reasonable and Timely Fashion,
and Possible Steps to Accelerate Such Deployment Pursuant to Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996,
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
8
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
Census tract and county shares of households with reportable connections
We estimate the share of households with fixed Internet access connections in individual census
tracts and counties as of December 31, 2021.
8
We continue to observe substantial variation
among these estimates. See Figures 39 and 41.
Household subscribership rates and demographics
The report includes charts that illustrate correlations between household subscribership rates and
demographic measures. We update charts based on income, household density, education and
age. The data indicate that some demographic variables are correlated with Internet access
subscribership rates. See Figures 46-51.
Amended by the Broadband Data Improvement Act, GN Docket No.11-121, Eighth Broadband Progress Report, 27
FCC Rcd 10342, 10386, para. 94 (2012).
8
For both census tracts and counties, we continue to find estimates above 100% for the share of households with
fixed Internet access connections. See p. 57 for more information.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
9
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
SECTION 2
SUMMARY STATISTICS: THE NATION
Table of Contents
Figure 6 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2017-2021 .......................... 12
Figure 7 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One
Direction 2017-2021 ................................................................................................ 12
Figure 8 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed 2018-2021 ......................... 13
Figure 9 Distribution of Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One
Direction as of December 31, 2021 ......................................................................... 14
Figure 10 Distribution of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least
One Direction as of December 31, 2021 ................................................................. 15
Figure 11 Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology
2017-2021 ................................................................................................................ 16
Figure 12 Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2021 ........................................... 16
Figure 13 Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by
Technology 2016-2020 ............................................................................................ 17
Figure 14 Residential Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2021 ........................ 17
Figure 15 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by
Technology 2017-2021 ............................................................................................ 18
Figure 16 Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by
Technology as of December 31, 2021 ..................................................................... 18
Figure 17 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps
Upstream by Technology 2017-2021 ...................................................................... 19
Figure 18 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps
by Technology as of December 31, 2021 ................................................................ 19
Figure 19 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by
Technology 2017-2021 ............................................................................................ 20
Figure 20 Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by
Technology as of December 31, 2021 ..................................................................... 20
Figure 21 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps
Upstream by Technology 2017-2021 ...................................................................... 21
Figure 22 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps
Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2021 ................................................ 21
Figure 23 Fixed Connections at Least 100 Mbps Downstream and 20 Mbps Upstream by
Technology 2017-2021 ............................................................................................ 22
Figure 24 Fixed Connections at Least 100 Mbps Downstream and 20 Mbps Upstream by
Technology as of December 31, 2021 ..................................................................... 22
Figure 25 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 100 Mbps Downstream and 20 Mbps
Upstream by Technology 2017-2021 ...................................................................... 23
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
10
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
Figure 26 Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps
Upstream by Technology as of December 31, 2021 ................................................ 23
Figure 27 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by
Technology 2017-2021 (Shares of Selected Technologies) .................................... 24
Figure 28 Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by
Technology 2017-2021 (Net Adds for Selected Technologies) .............................. 24
Figure 29 Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2021
(Shares of Selected Technologies for Selected Speeds) ......................................... 25
Figure 30 Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of
December 31, 2021 .................................................................................................. 26
Figure 31 Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology
as of December 31, 2021 ......................................................................................... 27
Figure 32 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least
One Direction by Technology 2017-2021 ............................................................... 28
Figure 33 Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least
One Direction - Selected Technologies 2017-2021 ................................................. 28
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
11
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
1
Figure 6
Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2017-2021
(in thousands)
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec
Total
420,838
428,864
451,062
459,327
466,302
480,185
490,888
500,261
510,198
Total Fixed
108,065
109,087
110,784
112,725
114,291
118,449
121,250
123,425
125,777
Mobile Wireless
312,773
319,776
340,278
346,603
352,012
361,737
369,638
376,835
384,420
Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding.
Source: FCC Form 477.
Figure 7
Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction 2017-2021
(in thousands)
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec
Total
351,966
358,867
378,286
383,605
388,344
403,212
407,652
415,260
436,576
Total Fixed
98,845
99,758
101,348
103,118
104,703
108,909
111,621
113,581
115,792
Mobile Wireless
253,121
259,109
276,938
280,486
283,641
294,303
296,031
301,679
320,785
Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding.
Source: FCC Form 477.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
12
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
2
Figure 8
Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed 2018-2021
Source: FCC Form 477.
Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding.
At least 940 Mbps
At least 100 Mbps and less than 940 Mbps
At least 25 Mbps and less than 100 Mbps
At least 10 Mbps and less than 25 Mbps
Less than 10 Mbps
9.6
13.3
21.0
54.1
3.3
101.3
8.7
12.6
20.9
56.6
4.4
103.1
7.5
11.8
19.0
60.6
5.7
104.7
6.9
10.1
20.7
63.0
8.3
108.9
6.1
9.2
19.8
64.9
11.5
111.6
5.6
8.0
20.2
66.2
13.6
113.6
5.0
7.3
20.4
67.0
16.1
115.8
Connections in Millions
0
50
100
Dec
2018
Jun
2019
Dec
2019
Jun
2020
Dec
2020
Jun
2021
Dec
2021
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
13
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
3
Figure 9
Distribution of Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction
as of December 31, 2021
Note: Inner circle (light shading) represents upstream speeds.
Downstream Speed < 10 Mbps; 4.9% >= 10 Mbps & < 25 Mbps; 6.6%
>= 25 Mbps & < 100 Mbps; 18.2% >= 100 Mbps & < 940 Mbps; 57.0%
>= 940 Mbps; 13.3%
< 3 Mbps
4.7%
< 3 Mbps
5.0%
>= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps
1.6%
>= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps
15.0%
>= 20 Mbps
2.7%
>= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps
35.8%
>= 20 Mbps
21.3%
>= 20 Mbps
13.2%
Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction (in thousands)
Downstream Speed
Upstream Speed
Less than
10 Mbps
At least 10
Mbps
and less
than 25
Mbps
At least 25
Mbps
and less
than 100
Mbps
At least 100
Mbps
and less
than 940
Mbps
At least 940
Mbps Total
Less than 3 Mbps 5,908
6,272
728
11
#
12,920
At least 3 Mbps & Less than 20 Mbps 204
1,950
18,852
44,966
118
66,090
At least 20 Mbps 2
75
3,339
26,775
16,577
46,767
Total 6,114
8,297
22,919
71,752
16,695
125,777
Percentages
Less than 3 Mbps 4.7
5.0
0.6
0.0
0.0
10.3
At least 3 Mbps & Less than 20 Mbps 0.2
1.6
15.0
35.8
0.1
52.5
At least 20 Mbps 0.0
0.1
2.7
21.3
13.2
37.2
Total 4.9
6.6
18.2
57.0
13.3
100.0
Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. # = Rounds to zero.
Source: FCC Form 477.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
14
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
4
Figure 10
Distribution of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction
as of December 31, 2021
Note: Inner circle (light shading) represents upstream speeds.
Downstream Speed < 10 Mbps; 4.3% >= 10 Mbps & < 25 Mbps; 6.3%
>= 25 Mbps & < 100 Mbps; 17.7% >= 100 Mbps & < 940 Mbps; 57.8%
>= 940 Mbps; 13.9%
< 3 Mbps
4.2%
< 3 Mbps
4.8%
>= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps
1.5%
>= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps
14.6%
>= 20 Mbps
2.5%
>= 3 Mbps & < 20 Mbps
37.1%
>= 20 Mbps
20.7%
>= 20 Mbps
13.8%
Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction (in thousands)
Downstream Speed
Upstream Speed
Less than
10 Mbps
At least 10
Mbps
and less
than 25
Mbps
At least 25
Mbps
and less
than 100
Mbps
At least 100
Mbps
and less
than 940
Mbps
At least 940
Mbps Total
Less than 3 Mbps 4,878
5,550
669
10
#
11,108
At least 3 Mbps & Less than 20 Mbps 121
1,724
16,890
42,998
114
61,848
At least 20 Mbps 2
33
2,880
23,959
15,962
42,836
Total 5,001
7,307
20,440
66,967
16,077
115,792
Percentages
Less than 3 Mbps 4.2
4.8
0.6
0.0
0.0
9.6
At least 3 Mbps & Less than 20 Mbps 0.1
1.5
14.6
37.1
0.1
53.4
At least 20 Mbps 0.0
0.0
2.5
20.7
13.8
37.0
Total 4.3
6.3
17.7
57.8
13.9
100.0
Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. # = Rounds to zero.
Source: FCC Form 477.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
15
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
5
Figure 11
Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2017-2021
(in thousands)
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec
Total
420,838
428,864
451,062
459,327
466,302
480,185
490,888
500,261
510,198
Total Fixed
108,065
109,087
110,784
112,725
114,291
118,449
121,250
123,425
125,777
aDSL
24,193
23,074
22,377
21,163
20,214
19,639
18,786
18,085
16,868
sDSL
28
28
20
17
16
19
13
18
14
Other Wireline
1
581
558
557
501
525
516
527
517
530
Cable Modem
66,196
67,165
68,882
70,750
72,516
75,986
77,909
79,330
80,232
FTTP
2
13,890
14,889
15,492
16,748
17,376
18,443
19,945
21,120
23,338
Satellite
1,872
1,939
1,971
1,984
1,975
1,993
1,931
1,910
1,873
Fixed Wireless
1,306
1,434
1,485
1,561
1,669
1,853
2,140
2,445
2,923
Mobile Wireless
312,773
319,776
340,278
346,603
352,012
361,737
369,638
376,835
384,420
1
Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of
FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements.
2
Fiber to the premises.
Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding.
Source: FCC Form 477.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
16
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
6
Figure 13
Residential Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction by Technology 2017-2021
(in thousands)
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec
Total
351,966
358,867
378,286
383,605
388,344
403,212
407,652
415,260
436,576
Total Fixed
98,845
99,758
101,348
103,118
104,703
108,909
111,621
113,581
115,792
aDSL
21,653
20,671
20,126
18,976
18,159
17,647
16,920
16,278
15,186
sDSL
9
9
4
4
5
7
3
4
3
Other Wireline
1
67
74
76
62
74
64
59
63
80
Cable Modem
61,567
62,320
63,813
65,457
67,141
70,710
72,543
73,844
74,599
FTTP
2
12,702
13,663
14,205
15,410
16,011
16,971
18,384
19,414
21,531
Satellite
1,688
1,751
1,787
1,805
1,795
1,815
1,752
1,728
1,692
Fixed Wireless
1,158
1,270
1,338
1,405
1,520
1,694
1,958
2,251
2,701
Mobile Wireless
253,121
259,109
276,938
280,486
283,641
294,303
296,031
301,679
320,785
1
Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of
FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements.
2
Fiber to the premises.
Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding.
Source: FCC Form 477.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
17
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
7
Figure 15
Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2017-2021
(in thousands)
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec
Total
90,609
94,071
97,302
100,464
103,595
109,159
112,445
115,772
118,773
aDSL
11,598
11,822
12,038
11,829
11,704
12,421
11,760
12,017
11,334
sDSL
9
11
6
5
5
8
4
7
5
Other Wireline
1
262
271
292
261
301
307
323
323
341
Cable Modem
63,978
65,808
67,716
69,704
71,934
75,391
77,513
79,035
79,956
FTTP
2
12,869
13,898
14,815
16,078
16,854
17,993
19,555
20,813
23,058
Satellite
1,402
1,595
1,677
1,726
1,737
1,778
1,727
1,717
1,700
Fixed Wireless
491
666
759
861
1,059
1,263
1,564
1,860
2,379
1
Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of
FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements.
2
Fiber to the premises.
# = Rounds to zero.
Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding.
Source: FCC Form 477.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
18
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
8
Figure 17
Residential Fixed Connections at Least 10 Mbps Downstream and 1 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2017-2021
(in thousands)
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec
Total
84,163
86,973
89,873
92,698
95,649
101,201
104,199
107,212
109,975
aDSL
10,657
10,862
11,073
10,812
10,682
11,374
10,761
11,003
10,363
sDSL
5
6
2
1
2
4
1
2
1
Other Wireline
1
64
65
68
58
70
61
56
61
77
Cable Modem
59,864
61,142
62,810
64,556
66,691
70,299
72,215
73,611
74,386
FTTP
2
11,762
12,741
13,589
14,800
15,536
16,566
18,042
19,145
21,286
Satellite
1,387
1,575
1,655
1,702
1,708
1,745
1,691
1,676
1,656
Fixed Wireless
425
582
676
768
960
1,151
1,433
1,714
2,206
1
Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of
FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements.
2
Fiber to the premises.
# = Rounds to zero.
Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding.
Source: FCC Form 477.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
19
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
9
Figure 19
Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2017-2021
(in thousands)
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec
Total
73,875
78,952
82,965
86,744
90,471
96,984
101,630
106,794
110,627
aDSL
3,586
4,298
4,988
5,233
5,523
5,910
6,237
6,397
6,237
sDSL
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
2
2
Other Wireline
1
219
203
228
220
263
273
286
288
299
Cable Modem
57,870
60,859
62,880
64,938
67,171
71,856
74,169
77,502
78,656
FTTP
2
11,489
12,568
13,605
14,902
15,866
17,076
18,840
20,171
22,459
Satellite
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,328
1,353
Fixed Wireless
143
224
267
325
449
571
804
1,105
1,620
1
Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of
FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements.
2
Fiber to the premises.
* = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons.
# = Rounds to zero.
Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding.
Source: FCC Form 477.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
20
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
10
Figure 21
Residential Fixed Connections at Least 25 Mbps Downstream and 3 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2017-2021
(in thousands)
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec
Total
69,447
73,288
76,873
80,256
83,725
90,170
94,451
99,254
102,804
aDSL
3,410
4,068
4,712
4,911
5,168
5,538
5,871
6,008
5,855
sDSL
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
1
Other Wireline
1
59
54
61
53
64
56
51
58
74
Cable Modem
54,748
56,620
58,342
60,125
62,231
67,017
69,098
72,268
73,262
FTTP
2
10,553
11,570
12,546
13,780
14,690
15,781
17,445
18,615
20,795
Satellite
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,288
1,311
Fixed Wireless
119
193
234
283
400
512
727
1,015
1,506
1
Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of
FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements.
2
Fiber to the premises.
* = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons.
# = Rounds to zero.
Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding.
Source: FCC Form 477.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
21
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
11
Figure 23
Fixed Connections at Least 100 Mbps Downstream and 20 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2017-2021
(in thousands)
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec
Total
12,148
14,619
18,750
22,217
25,603
29,554
34,493
38,563
43,352
aDSL
47
59
207
387
569
658
774
867
885
sDSL
1
1
1
#
*
*
*
*
*
Other Wireline
1
192
174
196
178
211
213
217
218
224
Cable Modem
7,149
8,352
9,466
11,426
13,088
15,496
18,420
20,924
23,298
FTTP
2
4,729
5,976
8,815
10,146
11,634
13,071
14,933
16,373
18,705
Satellite
0
0
0
0
*
*
*
*
*
Fixed Wireless
30
56
65
79
101
116
143
180
239
1
Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of
FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements.
2
Fiber to the premises.
* = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons.
# = Rounds to zero.
Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding.
Source: FCC Form 477.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
22
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
12
Figure 25
Residential Fixed Connections at Least 100 Mbps Downstream and 20 Mbps Upstream by Technology 2017-2021
(in thousands)
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec
Total
11,030
13,171
17,101
20,322
23,469
27,164
31,773
35,456
39,921
aDSL
42
53
194
344
512
594
733
820
835
sDSL
#
#
#
#
*
*
*
*
*
Other Wireline
1
53
46
47
27
36
27
20
21
35
Cable Modem
6,591
7,491
8,512
10,312
11,883
14,157
16,843
19,128
21,298
FTTP
2
4,324
5,534
8,292
9,574
10,952
12,288
14,055
15,329
17,537
Satellite
0
0
0
0
*
*
*
*
*
Fixed Wireless
20
47
56
65
86
98
118
158
215
1
Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of
FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements.
2
Fiber to the premises.
* = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons.
# = Rounds to zero.
Note: Some previously-published data may have been revised. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding.
Source: FCC Form 477.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
23
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
13
Percentage of Residential Fixed Connections
Connections in Thousands
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
24
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
14
Figure 29
Residential Fixed Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2021
(Shares of selected technologies for selected speeds, connections in thousands)
Source: FCC Form 477.
Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding.
aDSL Cable Modem FTTP All Other Fixed
13.1
64.4
18.6
3.9
9.4
67.6
19.4
3.6
5.7
71.3
20.2
2.8
53.4
43.9 99.3
Estimated Percentage of Households
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Over 200 kbps in at
least one direction
At least 10 Mbps
downstream and at least
1 Mbps upstream
At least 25 Mbps
downstream and at least
3 Mbps upstream
At least 100 Mbps
downstream and at least
20 Mbps upstream
At least 940 Mbps
downstream and at least
500 Mbps upstream
Connections 115,792 109,975 102,804 39,921 9,273
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
25
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
15
Figure 30
Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2021
(in thousands)
Downstream Speed
Technology
Less than
4 Mbps
At least 4 Mbps
and less than
10 Mbps
At least 10 Mbps
and less than
25 Mbps
At least 25 Mbps
and less than
100 Mbps
At least 100
Mbps
and less than
940 Mbps
At least 940
Mbps Total
aDSL 2,065
2,598
5,425
5,684
1,096
#
16,868
sDSL *
*
*
*
*
*
14
Other Wireline
1
159
30
38
45
224
35
530
Cable Modem 177
90
1,159
11,179
60,751
6,875
80,232
FTTP 86
185
577
3,400
9,365
9,725
23,338
Satellite *
*
*
*
*
0
1,873
Fixed Wireless 217
327
748
1,372
199
60
2,923
Total 2,858
3,257
8,297
22,919
71,752
16,695
125,777
Percentages
aDSL 1.6
2.1
4.3
4.5
0.9
0.0
13.4
sDSL *
*
*
*
*
*
0.0
Other Wireline
1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.4
Cable Modem 0.1
0.1
0.9
8.9
48.3
5.5
63.8
FTTP 0.1
0.1
0.5
2.7
7.4
7.7
18.6
Satellite *
*
*
*
*
0.0
1.5
Fixed Wireless 0.2
0.3
0.6
1.1
0.2
0.0
2.3
Total 2.3
2.6
6.6
18.2
57.0
13.3
100.0
1
Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories
and other reporting requirements.
# = Rounds to Zero.
* = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons.
Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding.
Source: FCC Form 477.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
26
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
16
Figure 31
Residential Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed Tier and Technology as of December 31, 2021
(in thousands)
Downstream Speed
Technology
Less than
4 Mbps
At least 4 Mbps
and less than
10 Mbps
At least 10 Mbps
and less than
25 Mbps
At least 25 Mbps
and less than
100 Mbps
At least 100
Mbps
and less than
940 Mbps
At least 940
Mbps Total
aDSL 1,740
2,284
4,810
5,321
1,032
#
15,186
sDSL *
*
*
*
*
*
3
Other Wireline
1
1
1
3
6
38
30
80
Cable Modem 147
59
988
9,696
57,075
6,634
74,599
FTTP 71
166
471
2,937
8,527
9,358
21,531
Satellite *
*
*
*
*
0
1,692
Fixed Wireless 195
299
690
1,282
181
54
2,701
Total 2,167
2,834
7,307
20,440
66,967
16,077
115,792
Percentages
aDSL 1.5
2.0
4.2
4.6
0.9
0.0
13.1
sDSL *
*
*
*
*
*
0.0
Other Wireline
1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
Cable Modem 0.1
0.1
0.9
8.4
49.3
5.7
64.4
FTTP 0.1
0.1
0.4
2.5
7.4
8.1
18.6
Satellite *
*
*
*
*
0.0
1.5
Fixed Wireless 0.2
0.3
0.6
1.1
0.2
0.0
2.3
Total 1.9
2.4
6.3
17.7
57.8
13.9
100.0
1
Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories
and other reporting requirements.
# = Rounds to Zero.
* = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons.
Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding.
Source: FCC Form 477.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
27
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
17
Figure 32
Nationwide Number of Providers of Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction
by Technology 2017-2021
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Technology Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec Jun Dec
aDSL
743
738
721
715
691
677
653
638
610
sDSL
150
136
127
123
121
118
106
102
87
Other Wireline
1
235
249
243
222
211
215
209
203
213
Cable Modem
383
372
381
381
373
365
368
362
352
FTTP
1,147
1,183
1,269
1,309
1,330
1,377
1,441
1,477
1,505
Satellite
6
6
6
6
5
5
6
6
5
Fixed Wireless
1,160
1,188
1,239
1,248
1,280
1,312
1,396
1,383
1,359
Mobile Wireless
83
73
71
70
67
64
64
63
62
Total
2,090
2,129
2,215
2,223
2,247
2,279
2,381
2,392
2,384
1
Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons.
Note: Multiple FCC Form 477 filers within a holding company structure count as one provider. Some previously-published data may have been revised.
Source: FCC Form 477.
Number of Providers
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
28
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
SECTION 3
SUMMARY STATISTICS: THE STATES
Table of Contents
Figure 34 Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State
as of December 31, 2021 ......................................................................................... 30
Figure 35 Connections by Type of End User by State as of December 31, 2021 .................... 32
Figure 36 Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2021 ............................. 33
Figure 37 Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State
as of December 31, 2021 ......................................................................................... 35
Figure 38 Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2021 ......... 37
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
29
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
18
Figure 34
Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of December 31, 2021
(Connections and households, in thousands)
At least 200 kbps in
at least One Direction
At least 10 Mbps Down
and 1 Mbps Up
At least 25 Mbps Down
and 3 Mbps Up
At least 100 Mbps Down
and 20 Mbps Up
At least 940 Mbps Down
and 500 Mbps Up
State Households Connections
Subscribership
Ratio
Connections
Subscribership
Ratio
Connections
Subscribership
Ratio
Connections
Subscribership
Ratio
Connections
Subscribership
Ratio
Alabama 1,903
1,645
0.86
1,508
0.79
1,356
0.71
520
0.27
153
0.08
Alaska 261
231
0.89
215
0.83
168
0.64
*
*
*
*
American Samoa 10
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
0.00
0
0.00
Arizona 2,684
2,540
0.95
2,416
0.90
2,235
0.83
526
0.20
90
0.03
Arkansas 1,158
955
0.82
842
0.73
726
0.63
294
0.25
59
0.05
California 13,218
12,667
0.96
12,207
0.92
11,493
0.87
3,765
0.28
641
0.05
Colorado 2,228
2,186
0.98
2,086
0.94
1,947
0.87
530
0.24
136
0.06
Connecticut 1,397
1,321
0.95
1,277
0.91
1,161
0.83
397
0.28
19
0.01
Delaware 381
395
1.04
388
1.02
386
1.01
141
0.37
*
*
District of Columbia 310
280
0.90
274
0.88
271
0.88
117
0.38
*
*
Florida 8,157
8,387
1.03
8,090
0.99
7,756
0.95
3,127
0.38
468
0.06
Georgia 3,885
3,635
0.94
3,434
0.88
3,193
0.82
1,529
0.39
411
0.11
Guam 42
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
0.00
Hawaii 478
499
1.04
489
1.02
*
*
*
*
*
*
Idaho 657
617
0.94
551
0.84
444
0.68
211
0.32
34
0.05
Illinois 4,930
4,283
0.87
4,081
0.83
3,788
0.77
1,565
0.32
155
0.03
Indiana 2,623
2,275
0.87
2,111
0.81
1,938
0.74
812
0.31
152
0.06
Iowa 1,276
1,081
0.85
980
0.77
866
0.68
361
0.28
43
0.03
Kansas 1,140
1,008
0.88
944
0.83
857
0.75
336
0.30
127
0.11
Kentucky 1,748
1,544
0.88
1,424
0.81
1,277
0.73
501
0.29
87
0.05
Louisiana 1,749
1,470
0.84
1,362
0.78
1,219
0.70
429
0.25
95
0.05
Maine 571
587
1.03
541
0.95
468
0.82
68
0.12
2
0.00
Maryland 2,294
2,171
0.95
2,126
0.93
2,094
0.91
933
0.41
*
*
Massachusetts 2,714
2,584
0.95
2,527
0.93
2,508
0.92
794
0.29
*
*
Michigan 3,977
3,533
0.89
3,348
0.84
3,132
0.79
989
0.25
77
0.02
Minnesota 2,229
2,020
0.91
1,895
0.85
1,734
0.78
458
0.21
69
0.03
Mississippi 1,109
869
0.78
771
0.70
631
0.57
283
0.26
104
0.09
Missouri 2,434
2,118
0.87
1,916
0.79
1,705
0.70
759
0.31
207
0.09
Montana 436
404
0.93
364
0.83
313
0.72
57
0.13
8
0.02
Nebraska 767
674
0.88
634
0.83
578
0.75
199
0.26
36
0.05
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
30
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
19
Figure 34 - Continued
Residential Fixed Connections and Households by State as of December 31, 2021
(Connections and households, in thousands)
At least 200 kbps in
at least One Direction
At least 10 Mbps Down
and 1 Mbps Up
At least 25 Mbps Down
and 3 Mbps Up
At least 100 Mbps Down
and 20 Mbps Up
At least 940 Mbps Down
and 500 Mbps Up
State Households Connections
Subscribership
Ratio Connections
Subscribership
Ratio Connections
Subscribership
Ratio Connections
Subscribership
Ratio Connections
Subscribership
Ratio
Nevada 1,142
1,093
0.96
1,047
0.92
990
0.87
257
0.22
44
0.04
New Hampshire 540
562
1.04
540
1.00
511
0.95
135
0.25
6
0.01
New Jersey 3,397
3,199
0.94
3,143
0.93
3,116
0.92
1,851
0.55
*
*
New Mexico 798
703
0.88
629
0.79
547
0.69
109
0.14
10
0.01
New York 7,530
6,859
0.91
6,763
0.90
6,529
0.87
3,762
0.50
*
*
North Carolina 4,035
3,981
0.99
3,681
0.91
3,482
0.86
1,372
0.34
329
0.08
North Dakota 317
283
0.89
276
0.87
267
0.84
151
0.48
7
0.02
Northern Mariana Isl 16
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
0.00
0
0.00
Ohio 4,754
4,266
0.90
4,034
0.85
3,714
0.78
1,029
0.22
101
0.02
Oklahoma 1,504
1,258
0.84
1,150
0.76
1,022
0.68
369
0.25
104
0.07
Oregon 1,658
1,560
0.94
1,464
0.88
1,374
0.83
358
0.22
79
0.05
Pennsylvania 5,148
4,649
0.90
4,397
0.85
4,287
0.83
1,478
0.29
*
*
Puerto Rico 1,197
662
0.55
579
0.48
380
0.32
125
0.10
*
*
Rhode Island 427
403
0.95
401
0.94
399
0.94
206
0.48
*
*
South Carolina 1,976
1,919
0.97
1,825
0.92
1,681
0.85
697
0.35
104
0.05
South Dakota 346
311
0.90
303
0.88
291
0.84
114
0.33
2
0.01
Tennessee 2,665
2,404
0.90
2,287
0.86
2,155
0.81
1,042
0.39
302
0.11
Texas 10,239
9,605
0.94
9,235
0.90
8,558
0.84
4,063
0.40
1,160
0.11
Utah 1,034
989
0.96
948
0.92
887
0.86
314
0.30
91
0.09
Vermont 263
269
1.02
237
0.90
200
0.76
42
0.16
13
0.05
Virgin Islands 43
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
0.00
Virginia 3,249
2,953
0.91
2,802
0.86
2,734
0.84
1,135
0.35
*
*
Washington 2,932
2,852
0.97
2,677
0.91
2,524
0.86
648
0.22
151
0.05
West Virginia 711
568
0.80
491
0.69
428
0.60
145
0.20
4
0.01
Wisconsin 2,402
2,166
0.90
1,997
0.83
1,781
0.74
448
0.19
56
0.02
Wyoming 231
214
0.93
198
0.86
181
0.78
39
0.17
1
0.01
Total 125,319
115,792
0.92
109,975
0.88
102,804
0.82
39,921
0.32
9,273
0.07
# = Rounds to Zero; * = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons.
Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding.
Sources: FCC Form 477 (Connections); 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates; Census 2010.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
31
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
20
Figure 35
Connections by Type of End User by State as of December 31, 2021
(Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands)
Connections Percentages
State Residential Business Residential Business Total
Alabama 6,379
990
86.6
13.4
7,369
Alaska 892
143
86.2
13.8
1,034
American Samoa *
*
*
*
*
Arizona 9,304
1,378
87.1
12.9
10,682
Arkansas 3,771
527
87.7
12.3
4,298
California 52,547
9,514
84.7
15.3
62,061
Colorado 7,431
1,428
83.9
16.1
8,859
Connecticut 4,903
853
85.2
14.8
5,756
Delaware 1,354
228
85.6
14.4
1,581
District of Columbia 1,118
654
63.1
36.9
1,773
Florida 30,113
4,557
86.9
13.1
34,670
Georgia 14,220
2,319
86.0
14.0
16,539
Guam *
*
*
*
*
Hawaii 1,913
329
85.3
14.7
2,242
Idaho 2,240
329
87.2
12.8
2,569
Illinois 16,612
3,075
84.4
15.6
19,687
Indiana 8,338
1,269
86.8
13.2
9,607
Iowa 3,889
623
86.2
13.8
4,512
Kansas 3,674
549
87.0
13.0
4,223
Kentucky 5,590
803
87.4
12.6
6,392
Louisiana 6,113
846
87.8
12.2
6,959
Maine 1,738
308
84.9
15.1
2,046
Maryland 8,250
1,339
86.0
14.0
9,589
Massachusetts 9,139
1,712
84.2
15.8
10,851
Michigan 12,735
2,213
85.2
14.8
14,948
Minnesota 7,135
1,262
85.0
15.0
8,397
Mississippi 3,800
471
89.0
11.0
4,270
Missouri 7,768
1,229
86.3
13.7
8,997
Montana 1,342
226
85.6
14.4
1,568
Nebraska 2,389
467
83.6
16.4
2,856
Nevada 4,205
550
88.4
11.6
4,756
New Hampshire 1,771
337
84.0
16.0
2,107
New Jersey 12,436
2,178
85.1
14.9
14,614
New Mexico 2,695
390
87.4
12.6
3,085
New York 26,941
5,346
83.4
16.6
32,287
North Carolina 13,467
2,284
85.5
14.5
15,751
North Dakota 975
161
85.9
14.1
1,136
Northern Mariana Isl *
*
*
*
*
Ohio 15,127
2,618
85.2
14.8
17,745
Oklahoma 4,992
728
87.3
12.7
5,720
Oregon 5,394
979
84.6
15.4
6,373
Pennsylvania 16,576
2,882
85.2
14.8
19,458
Puerto Rico 3,953
291
93.1
6.9
4,244
Rhode Island 1,441
273
84.1
15.9
1,713
South Carolina 6,588
953
87.4
12.6
7,540
South Dakota 1,096
162
87.1
12.9
1,259
Tennessee 8,964
1,379
86.7
13.3
10,343
Texas 39,453
5,979
86.8
13.2
45,432
Utah 3,744
734
83.6
16.4
4,478
Vermont 781
176
81.6
18.4
957
Virgin Islands 105
12
89.6
10.4
117
Virginia 11,053
2,048
84.4
15.6
13,101
Washington 9,946
1,755
85.0
15.0
11,701
West Virginia 2,064
259
88.8
11.2
2,323
Wisconsin 7,125
1,230
85.3
14.7
8,355
Wyoming 755
121
86.2
13.8
875
Total 436,576
73,621
85.6
14.4
510,198
# = Rounds to Zero.
* = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons.
Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding.
Source: FCC Form 477.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
32
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
21
Figure 36
Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2021
(Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands)
State ADSL SDSL
Other
Wireline
1
Cable
Modem
Fiber Satellite
Fixed
Wireless
Mobile
Wireless
Total
Alabama 363
*
5
1,011
328
*
22
5,580
7,369
Alaska 63
*
8
*
15
6
14
766
1,034
American Samoa 0
0
0
*
*
0
*
*
*
Arizona 520
#
*
1,823
225
*
93
7,969
10,682
Arkansas 300
*
4
477
192
*
20
3,259
4,298
California 1,969
3
*
9,621
1,731
*
287
48,243
62,061
Colorado *
#
17
1,600
238
*
115
6,491
8,859
Connecticut *
*
2
1,165
74
*
7
4,316
5,756
Delaware *
*
*
279
*
*
2
*
1,581
District of Columbia *
*
6
*
*
*
9
1,458
1,773
Florida 1,050
#
*
6,344
1,516
*
71
25,581
34,670
Georgia 731
*
8
2,273
838
*
35
12,584
16,539
Guam *
0
0
*
*
0
*
*
*
Hawaii *
*
1
*
*
*
2
1,688
2,242
Idaho 195
#
*
294
83
*
76
1,900
2,569
Illinois 803
1
*
3,222
403
*
144
15,061
19,687
Indiana 434
#
*
1,428
467
*
76
7,155
9,607
Iowa 248
#
*
507
321
*
67
3,333
4,512
Kansas 170
#
*
544
297
*
63
3,129
4,223
Kentucky 318
*
2
924
360
*
33
4,719
6,392
Louisiana 324
*
4
938
251
*
28
5,358
6,959
Maine 98
#
*
496
31
*
10
1,395
2,046
Maryland *
*
14
1,323
*
*
21
7,248
9,589
Massachusetts 62
#
*
2,108
598
*
28
8,034
10,851
Michigan 606
1
*
2,794
243
*
83
11,131
14,948
Minnesota 405
1
*
1,359
322
*
68
6,211
8,397
Mississippi 301
*
11
394
180
*
19
3,304
4,270
Missouri 491
#
*
1,152
486
*
86
6,706
8,997
Montana 86
*
2
255
51
*
37
1,118
1,568
Nebraska 118
#
*
400
163
*
44
2,120
2,856
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
33
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
22
Figure 36 - Continued
Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2021
(Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands)
State ADSL SDSL
Other
Wireline
1
Cable
Modem Fiber Satellite
Fixed
Wireless
Mobile
Wireless Total
Nevada 144
*
5
*
123
*
43
3,574
4,756
New Hampshire 48
#
*
513
53
*
4
1,480
2,107
New Jersey 71
*
23
2,165
*
*
16
11,113
14,614
New Mexico 207
#
*
436
57
*
40
2,323
3,085
New York 172
1
*
5,066
2,164
*
45
24,767
32,287
North Carolina 574
#
*
2,855
736
*
47
11,455
15,751
North Dakota 22
*
#
174
118
*
4
815
1,136
Northern Mariana Isl *
0
*
*
*
0
*
*
*
Ohio 709
*
8
3,207
516
*
101
13,159
17,745
Oklahoma 297
*
2
674
274
*
80
4,345
5,720
Oregon 195
#
*
1,155
256
*
46
4,674
6,373
Pennsylvania 360
*
23
3,433
1,134
*
45
14,423
19,458
Puerto Rico *
0
2
*
95
*
76
3,518
4,244
Rhode Island *
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,713
South Carolina 313
*
4
1,296
400
*
22
5,470
7,540
South Dakota 31
*
1
201
91
*
11
917
1,259
Tennessee 348
#
*
1,459
713
*
34
7,731
10,343
Texas 1,441
#
*
5,744
2,591
*
412
35,023
45,432
Utah 138
*
7
620
227
*
70
3,410
4,478
Vermont 77
*
3
177
43
*
4
647
957
Virgin Islands 0
0
0
*
*
*
*
82
117
Virginia 193
#
*
1,760
1,104
*
54
9,892
13,101
Washington 368
#
*
2,218
302
*
79
8,636
11,701
West Virginia *
*
1
425
19
*
12
1,707
2,323
Wisconsin 468
*
3
*
276
*
70
6,008
8,355
Wyoming 39
*
1
134
18
*
39
636
875
Total 16,868
14
530
80,232
23,338
1,873
2,923
384,420
510,198
1
PowerLine and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and
other reporting requirements.
# = Rounds to Zero.
* = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons.
Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding.
Source: FCC Form 477.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
34
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
23
Figure 37
Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of December 31, 2021
Over 200 kbps Upstream and
State
% over 200 kbps
Downstream
% at least 10 Mbps
Downstream
% at least 25 Mbps
Downstream
% at least 100 Mbps
Downstream
% at least 940 Mbps
Downstream
Alabama 99.8
92.7
83.4
64.7
11.3
Alaska 99.8
91.9
72.7
*
*
American Samoa *
*
*
*
*
Arizona 99.9
95.9
88.4
61.8
12.9
Arkansas 99.8
90.2
76.4
47.0
10.8
California 99.8
95.7
89.6
72.2
11.6
Colorado 99.9
96.4
89.1
68.3
16.9
Connecticut 99.8
96.0
88.5
77.0
10.8
Delaware 99.9
97.5
96.9
82.2
24.2
District of Columbia 100.0
96.1
94.8
78.2
23.4
Florida 99.8
97.1
92.5
72.7
9.4
Georgia 99.6
94.2
87.6
67.0
16.1
Guam *
*
*
*
*
Hawaii 100.0
96.6
*
*
*
Idaho 99.8
91.2
73.2
52.3
8.9
Illinois 99.8
95.0
88.0
64.9
10.2
Indiana 99.6
93.4
85.0
61.3
10.6
Iowa 99.3
91.9
80.6
55.5
10.6
Kansas 99.8
94.2
84.3
58.3
15.9
Kentucky 99.7
92.3
83.4
64.4
6.9
Louisiana 99.8
93.0
83.2
58.0
11.9
Maine 99.3
90.9
80.7
68.4
3.0
Maryland 99.9
97.2
95.6
80.2
27.4
Massachusetts 100.0
97.2
96.3
85.2
20.2
Michigan 99.5
94.5
88.2
67.4
7.2
Minnesota 99.8
95.1
86.5
63.9
9.2
Mississippi 99.7
88.8
73.4
47.5
15.7
Missouri 99.6
92.5
81.3
63.3
12.2
Montana 99.9
92.4
78.4
57.3
2.7
Nebraska 99.6
94.6
85.7
63.4
9.0
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
35
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
24
Figure 37 - Continued
Percentage of Fixed Connections by Downstream Speed by State as of December 31, 2021
Over 200 kbps Upstream and
State
% over 200 kbps
Downstream
% at least 10 Mbps
Downstream
% at least 25 Mbps
Downstream
% at least 100 Mbps
Downstream
% at least 940 Mbps
Downstream
Nevada 100.0
96.7
91.3
67.6
13.9
New Hampshire 99.6
94.7
90.8
81.0
12.5
New Jersey 99.8
97.8
96.6
87.3
25.8
New Mexico 99.9
91.8
78.9
51.3
7.1
New York 99.8
97.9
94.4
86.0
16.1
North Carolina 99.5
94.0
87.4
74.6
9.5
North Dakota 99.9
97.7
93.2
76.4
7.4
Northern Mariana Isl *
*
*
*
*
Ohio 99.8
94.8
86.7
68.3
4.2
Oklahoma 99.6
91.3
80.2
55.8
13.7
Oregon 99.8
94.9
88.0
68.9
13.1
Pennsylvania 99.8
94.9
92.3
75.2
18.4
Puerto Rico 100.0
86.0
59.5
26.3
1.2
Rhode Island 99.6
98.9
97.9
82.6
29.5
South Carolina 99.8
95.3
87.6
72.5
7.5
South Dakota 99.8
97.9
93.8
67.1
6.9
Tennessee 99.7
95.1
89.1
69.9
15.8
Texas 99.9
96.2
88.8
69.8
16.7
Utah 100.0
96.5
89.7
68.8
18.9
Vermont 99.1
86.0
75.6
61.4
11.3
Virgin Islands *
*
*
*
*
Virginia 99.5
95.0
91.6
74.6
24.7
Washington 99.7
94.9
88.4
71.6
16.4
West Virginia 98.1
85.9
75.7
59.2
9.2
Wisconsin 99.2
93.5
82.5
66.5
3.3
Wyoming 99.9
93.8
84.7
62.2
1.6
Total 99.7
95.1
88.5
70.3
13.3
Source: FCC Form 477.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
36
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
25
Figure 38
Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2021
(Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands)
State ADSL SDSL
Other
Wireline
1
Cable
Modem Fiber Satellite
Fixed
Wireless
Mobile
Wireless Total
Alabama 23
*
13
17
50
*
30
6
86
Alaska 16
*
6
*
21
4
18
10
41
American Samoa 0
0
0
*
*
0
*
*
*
Arizona 19
4
*
18
58
*
54
6
106
Arkansas 23
*
12
17
60
*
38
5
100
California 32
9
*
35
95
*
138
5
222
Colorado *
6
20
17
84
*
74
9
142
Connecticut *
*
9
10
24
*
11
4
41
Delaware *
*
*
5
*
*
5
*
36
District of Columbia *
*
14
*
*
*
10
4
45
Florida 15
4
*
21
82
*
51
6
125
Georgia 25
*
18
28
93
*
33
5
128
Guam *
0
0
*
*
0
*
*
*
Hawaii *
*
8
*
*
*
6
5
24
Idaho 24
4
*
18
47
*
46
8
80
Illinois 49
7
*
22
100
*
95
6
179
Indiana 33
6
*
15
89
*
67
4
134
Iowa 61
9
*
38
182
*
85
6
232
Kansas 28
4
*
24
75
*
69
8
126
Kentucky 18
*
16
31
69
*
36
7
117
Louisiana 16
*
15
18
42
*
30
6
80
Maine 12
5
*
8
22
*
15
5
41
Maryland *
*
18
16
*
*
31
5
84
Massachusetts 8
4
*
10
41
*
23
4
63
Michigan 27
5
*
28
86
*
64
7
137
Minnesota 36
8
*
22
97
*
61
5
140
Mississippi 14
*
10
12
45
*
20
5
72
Missouri 31
5
*
19
88
*
86
7
158
Montana 19
*
9
8
38
*
43
6
71
Nebraska 28
4
*
21
58
*
48
6
93
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
37
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
26
Figure 38 - Continued
Providers of Connections by Technology by State as of December 31, 2021
(Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction, in thousands)
State ADSL SDSL
Other
Wireline
1
Cable
Modem Fiber Satellite
Fixed
Wireless
Mobile
Wireless Total
Nevada 20
*
13
*
43
*
33
5
76
New Hampshire 9
4
*
7
25
*
9
5
38
New Jersey 11
*
20
11
*
*
15
4
69
New Mexico 20
4
*
11
40
*
45
6
75
New York 32
4
*
24
84
*
38
4
127
North Carolina 24
4
*
25
68
*
34
6
106
North Dakota 18
*
8
9
35
*
12
6
52
Northern Mariana Isl *
0
*
*
*
0
*
*
*
Ohio 33
*
23
32
91
*
85
4
173
Oklahoma 33
*
15
13
66
*
55
9
116
Oregon 33
6
*
18
73
*
50
6
112
Pennsylvania 21
*
20
28
81
*
45
7
133
Puerto Rico *
0
5
*
18
*
34
4
42
Rhode Island *
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
24
South Carolina 17
*
15
15
49
*
22
6
71
South Dakota 17
*
10
9
44
*
30
8
76
Tennessee 22
4
*
20
90
*
42
7
130
Texas 63
5
*
33
148
*
186
9
287
Utah 18
*
17
13
47
*
41
8
78
Vermont 8
*
8
6
26
*
12
5
42
Virgin Islands 0
0
0
*
*
*
*
4
5
Virginia 21
5
*
20
83
*
47
6
123
Washington 25
5
*
26
79
*
57
6
120
West Virginia *
*
8
17
32
*
27
6
70
Wisconsin 41
*
16
*
82
*
54
6
121
Wyoming 15
*
8
7
28
*
25
8
51
Total 610
87
213
352
1,505
5
1,359
62
2,384
1
Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline for confidentiality reasons. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and
other reporting requirements.
# = Rounds to Zero.
* = Data withheld for confidentiality reasons.
Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding.
Source: FCC Form 477.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
38
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
SECTION 4
SUMMARY STATISTICS: COUNTIES AND CENSUS TRACTS
Table of Contents
Figure 39 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over
200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households
as of December 31, 2021 ......................................................................................... 40
Figure 40 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections
over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households by
Technology as of December 31, 2021 ..................................................................... 41
Figure 41 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections
over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households
as of December 31, 2021 ......................................................................................... 42
Figure 42 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections
over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households by
Technology as of December 31, 2021 ..................................................................... 43
Figure 43 Percentage of Developed Census Blocks with Residential Fixed
Connections by Technology as of December 31, 2021 ........................................... 44
Figure 44 Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to
County Households by State as of December 31, 2021 ........................................... 45
Figure 45 Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections
to Tract Households by State as of December 31, 2021 .......................................... 47
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
39
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
27
Figure 39
Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction
to County Households as of December 31, 2021
Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010.
Note: Ratios over 1 were set to 1. See Technical Notes at the end of the report.
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 Max
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
22.5
Percentage of Counties
Number of Counties 3,234
Median 0.85
Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households
3 3
4
11
14
11
37
51
82
120
169
235
384
504
554
401
651
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
40
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
28
Figure 40
Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction
to County Households by Technology as of December 31, 2021
Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households
Technology Zero
Greater
than 0
and no
more
than 5%
Greater
than 5
and no
more
than
10%
Greater
than 10
and no
more
than
20%
Greater
than 20
and no
more
than
30%
Greater
than 30
and no
more
than
40%
Greater
than 40
and no
more
than
50%
Greater
than 50
and no
more
than
60%
Greater
than 60
and no
more
than
80%
Greater
than 80
and no
more
than
100%
100%
or more
aDSL 2.2
11.4
14.7
30.7
19.5
10.8
5.4
2.7
2.0
0.3
0.2
sDSL 96.1
3.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Other Wireline
1
93.8
6.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Cable Modem 11.4
5.2
4.7
10.5
12.1
11.2
11.1
11.4
17.3
4.0
1.0
FTTP 7.4
34.8
13.4
15.6
9.3
6.1
3.9
2.9
3.8
2.4
0.4
Satellite 0.4
65.8
21.0
10.8
1.5
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Fixed Wireless 1.8
63.4
16.2
11.3
4.1
2.0
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.1
Total 0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.8
1.5
4.1
28.1
54.0
11.2
1
Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements.
Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding.
Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
41
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
29
Figure 41
Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction
to Tract Households as of December 31, 2021
Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010.
Note: Ratios over 2 were set to 2. See Technical Notes at the end of the report.
0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 Max
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Percentage of Tracts
Number of Tracts 85,160
Median 0.91
Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
42
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
30
Figure 42
Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction
to Tract Households by Technology as of December 31, 2021
Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households
Technology Zero
Greater
than 0
and no
more
than 5%
Greater
than 5
and no
more
than
10%
Greater
than 10
and no
more
than
20%
Greater
than 20
and no
more
than
30%
Greater
than 30
and no
more
than
40%
Greater
than 40
and no
more
than
50%
Greater
than 50
and no
more
than
60%
Greater
than 60
and no
more
than
80%
Greater
than 80
and no
more
than
100%
100%
or more
aDSL 9.5
27.7
16.7
24.4
12.2
4.6
2.2
1.2
1.0
0.3
0.2
sDSL 99.7
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Other Wireline
1
98.9
0.8
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Cable Modem 4.9
2.4
1.4
3.0
4.2
7.0
11.3
15.0
31.7
15.0
4.2
FTTP 28.3
20.5
9.0
12.5
9.2
6.6
4.7
3.1
3.4
1.5
1.2
Satellite 31.3
58.7
5.3
3.5
0.9
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Fixed Wireless 5.4
84.5
4.1
3.3
1.3
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
Total 0.9
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.9
1.5
2.7
18.9
46.0
28.2
1
Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements.
Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding.
Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
43
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
31
Figure 43
Percentage of Developed Census Blocks with Residential Fixed Service by Technology as of December 31, 2021
(Internet Access Service over 200 kbps in at least one direction)
Number of Providers
Technology Zero One Two Three Four Five Six
Seven or
More
aDSL 25.3
72.9
1.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
sDSL 99.7
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Other Wireline
1
99.7
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Cable Modem 31.8
63.9
4.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
FTTP 64.1
32.2
3.6
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Satellite 0.0
1.2
65.1
33.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Fixed Wireless 21.7
32.6
23.3
13.4
6.0
2.0
0.7
0.2
aDSL and/or Cable Modem and/or FTTP 8.2
24.0
56.9
10.2
0.6
0.1
0.0
0.0
Any Technology 0.0
0.0
1.8
7.5
16.9
24.8
21.6
27.4
1
Power Line and Other are summarized with Other Wireline. See Technical Notes at the end of the report for a description of FCC Form 477 technology categories and other reporting requirements.
Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. The number of providers in a census block does not necessarily reflect the number of choices available to a particular household, and does not
purport to measure competition. Providers may list a census block on FCC Form 477 if service can be provided to at least one location in the block. Developed census blocks are those with housing units
based on the 2020 census.
Sources: FCC Form 477 and Census 2020.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
44
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
32
Figure 44
Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of December 31, 2021
(Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction)
Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households
State Counties
Zero
Greater
than 0 and
no more
than 5%
Greater
than 5 and
no more
than 10%
Greater
than 10 and
no more
than 20%
Greater
than 20 and
no more
than 30%
Greater
than 30 and
no more
than 40%
Greater
than 40 and
no more
than 50%
Greater
than 50 and
no more
than 60%
Greater
than 60 and
no more
than 80%
Greater
than 80 and
no more
than 100%
100% or
more
Alabama 67
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
5
30
29
2
Alaska 30
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
3
4
15
6
American Samoa 5
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
Arizona 15
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
13
0
Arkansas 75
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
7
40
26
1
California 58
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
49
8
Colorado 64
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
15
27
21
Connecticut 8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
Delaware 3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
District of Columbia 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Florida 67
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
10
29
27
Georgia 159
0
0
0
0
0
2
5
7
59
63
23
Guam 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Hawaii 5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
Idaho 44
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
22
11
Illinois 102
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
8
53
38
1
Indiana 92
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
43
46
1
Iowa 99
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
31
66
1
Kansas 105
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
39
57
5
Kentucky 120
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
5
36
73
5
Louisiana 64
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
7
32
22
1
Maine 16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
9
Maryland 24
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
17
3
Massachusetts 14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
5
Michigan 83
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
15
52
14
Minnesota 87
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
72
7
Mississippi 82
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
15
48
14
1
Missouri 115
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
5
44
57
6
Montana 56
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
39
9
Nebraska 93
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
32
56
3
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
45
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
33
Figure 44 - Continued
Distribution of Counties by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to County Households by State as of December 31, 2021
(Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction)
Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to County Households
State Counties
Zero
Greater
than 0 and
no more
than 5%
Greater
than 5 and
no more
than 10%
Greater
than 10 and
no more
than 20%
Greater
than 20 and
no more
than 30%
Greater
than 30 and
no more
than 40%
Greater
than 40 and
no more
than 50%
Greater
than 50 and
no more
than 60%
Greater
than 60 and
no more
than 80%
Greater
than 80 and
no more
than 100%
100% or
more
Nevada 17
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
2
10
1
New Hampshire 10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
New Jersey 21
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
16
4
New Mexico 33
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
8
17
7
New York 62
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
45
11
North Carolina 100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
14
58
27
North Dakota 53
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
44
5
Northern Mariana Isl 4
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
Ohio 88
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
24
61
2
Oklahoma 77
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
4
40
30
0
Oregon 36
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
6
23
5
Pennsylvania 67
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
54
7
Puerto Rico 78
0
0
0
0
4
15
13
28
18
0
0
Rhode Island 5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
South Carolina 46
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
16
22
7
South Dakota 66
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
9
52
4
Tennessee 95
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
28
60
6
Texas 254
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
10
82
126
35
Utah 29
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
14
13
Vermont 14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
6
Virgin Islands 3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
Virginia 133
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
7
41
69
11
Washington 39
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
26
10
West Virginia 55
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
27
21
3
Wisconsin 72
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
53
13
Wyoming 23
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
19
3
Total 3,234
3
0
0
0
7
25
48
133
908
1747
363
Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Technical Notes at the end of the report.
Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates (Households for U.S. and District of Columbia); Census 2010 (Households for Puerto Rico, American Samoa,
Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands).
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
46
Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
34
Figure 45
Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of December 31, 2021
(Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction)
Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households
State Tracts Zero
Greater
than 0 and
no more
than 5%
Greater
than 5 and
no more
than 10%
Greater
than 10 and
no more
than 20%
Greater
than 20 and
no more
than 30%
Greater
than 30 and
no more
than 40%
Greater
than 40 and
no more
than 50%
Greater
than 50 and
no more
than 60%
Greater
than 60 and
no more
than 80%
Greater
than 80 and
no more
than 100%
100% or
more
Alabama 1,435
5
0
0
0
5
15
41
89
387
616
277
Alaska 177
3
0
0
2
2
4
2
9
31
91
33
American Samoa 18
2
0
0
0
3
7
2
1
1
1
1
Arizona 1,765
30
0
4
13
12
19
20
32
304
697
634
Arkansas 823
2
0
0
0
2
7
32
78
285
311
106
California 9,107
61
4
2
4
9
17
37
79
872
5,024
2,998
Colorado 1,447
17
0
0
1
0
4
5
12
146
723
539
Connecticut 879
7
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
84
511
273
Delaware 259
3
0
6
5
7
9
6
6
30
61
126
District of Columbia 206
2
0
0
0
0
5
3
8
55
73
60
Florida 5,114
44
2
2
3
5
11
17
77
535
1,891
2,527
Georgia 2,791
10
0
2
1
2
16
34
89
539
1,102
996
Guam 56
1
0
0
0
1
2
2
1
16
12
21
Hawaii 436
13
0
0
0
1
1
3
1
46
172
199
Idaho 456
0
0
0
1
2
1
4
7
73
215
153
Illinois 3,263
6
0
1
4
3
16
48
93
821
1,781
490
Indiana 1,693
9
0
0
5
2
13
26
58
440
842
298
Iowa 896
4
0
0
0
0
3
9
14
309
477
80
Kansas 829
14
0
0
1
7
2
1
13
211
431
149
Kentucky 1,306
9
0
1
3
4
7
24
42
313
649
254
Louisiana 1,376
11
1
1
3
9
13
50
96
412
546
234
Maine 400
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
24
195
181
Maryland 1,463
8
1
1
19
29
34
34
35
277
511
514
Massachusetts 1,613
20
0
2
0
7
16
38
54
264
727
485
Michigan 2,971
79
1
0
5
6
24
37
87
587
1,535
610
Minnesota 1,502
4
0
0
1
2
2
3
11
278
897
304
Mississippi 875
4
0
0
2
3
13
39
110
319
262
123
Missouri 1,654
4
0
0
4
8
10
46
68
426
772
316
Montana 319
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
63
168
81
Nebraska 553
2
0
0
2
0
0
6
10
130
316
87
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
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Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
35
Figure 45 - Continued
Distribution of Census Tracts by Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections to Tract Households by State as of December 31, 2021
(Connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction)
Ratio of Residential Fixed Connections over 200 kbps in at Least One Direction to Tract Households
State Tracts Zero
Greater
than 0 and
no more
than 5%
Greater
than 5 and
no more
than 10%
Greater
than 10 and
no more
than 20%
Greater
than 20 and
no more
than 30%
Greater
than 30 and
no more
than 40%
Greater
than 40 and
no more
than 50%
Greater
than 50 and
no more
than 60%
Greater
than 60 and
no more
than 80%
Greater
than 80 and
no more
than 100%
100% or
more
Nevada 775
5
0
0
1
1
3
11
11
104
377
262
New Hampshire 349
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
177
158
New Jersey 2,175
13
2
2
8
19
49
63
105
421
807
686
New Mexico 612
13
1
2
7
8
6
11
17
148
253
146
New York 5,393
136
0
3
13
29
69
117
179
1,262
2,200
1,385
North Carolina 2,660
19
1
1
0
1
4
7
30
362
1,198
1,037
North Dakota 228
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
53
131
43
Northern Mariana Isl 23
2
1
0
0
0
2
3
5
7
2
1
Ohio 3,162
12
0
0
1
6
8
19
52
592
1,907
565
Oklahoma 1,205
11
1
0
1
10
20
30
70
387
476
199
Oregon 994
2
0
0
1
1
1
7
11
124
555
292
Pennsylvania 3,445
48
1
0
2
7
23
51
88
797
1,677
751
Puerto Rico 939
19
2
20
103
162
155
153
95
88
42
100
Rhode Island 247
1
0
0
0
0
5
6
1
46
103
85
South Carolina 1,317
11
0
1
0
0
3
9
50
286
508
449
South Dakota 242
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
51
150
38
Tennessee 1,701
23
0
0
0
2
9
19
47
395
811
395
Texas 6,883
54
3
0
2
7
30
78
213
1,480
2,840
2,176
Utah 716
7
2
1
4
2
2
8
8
84
325
273
Vermont 193
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
4
109
77
Virgin Islands 29
0
0
0
0
0
2
4
2
14
6
1
Virginia 2,186
26
7
4
24
31
63
88
110
414
738
681
Washington 1,772
3
2
0
0
3
5
4
7
119
963
666
West Virginia 546
1
0
0
0
0
8
13
34
214
224
52
Wisconsin 1,526
3
1
0
0
2
5
3
13
300
881
318
Wyoming 160
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
22
94
39
Total 85,160
789
33
57
248
422
743
1,277
2,340
16,064
39,163
24,024
Note: Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Technical Notes at the end of the report.
Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates (Households for U.S. and District of Columbia); Census 2010 (Households for Puerto Rico, American Samoa,
Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands).
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Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
SECTION 5
CORRELATED RESULTS: DEMOGRAPHIC MEASURES
Table of Contents
Figure 46 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Income Deciles
as of December 31, 2021 ......................................................................................... 50
Figure 47 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Density Deciles
as of December 31, 2021 ......................................................................................... 51
Figure 48 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share of Population with
a College Degree (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2021 ......................................... 52
Figure 49 Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Average Age of County Population
(in Deciles) as of December 31, 2021 ..................................................................... 53
Figure 50 Subscribership Ratios by Technology and Tract Household Density
as of December 31, 2021 ......................................................................................... 54
Figure 51 Average Subscribership Ratios by Income and Household Density
as of December 31, 2021 ......................................................................................... 55
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Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
36
Max
Q1
Q3
Median
Min
Figure 46
Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Income Deciles as of December 31, 2021
Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010.
observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and
is any data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1.
but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile;
is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum
Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the income decile. Some of the features are labeled,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Subscribership Ratio
Lower Income Median Household Income by Decile Higher Income
Subscribership Ratio
Average 0.69
Median 0.70
0.77
0.77
0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.89
0.90
0.91
0.94
0.96
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Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
37
Max
Q1
Q3
Median
Min
Figure 47
Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Density Deciles as of December 31, 2021
Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010.
observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and
is any data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1.
but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile;
is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum
Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the density decile. Some of the features are labeled,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Subscribership Ratio
Lower Density County Household Density by Decile Higher Density
Subscribership Ratio
Average 0.84
Median 0.87
0.83
0.84
0.78
0.80
0.78
0.79
0.79
0.80
0.81
0.81
0.84
0.84
0.87
0.87
0.89
0.91
0.86
0.92
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Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
38
Max
Q1
Q3
Median
Min
Figure 48
Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Share of Population with a College Degree (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2021
Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010.
observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and
is a data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1.
but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile;
is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum
Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the share decile. Some of the features are labeled,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Subscribership Ratio
Lower Share County Share of College Graduates by Decile Higher Share
Subscribership Ratio
Average 0.72
Median 0.73
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.80
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.87
0.87
0.88
0.92
0.92
0.94
0.96
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Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
39
Max
Q1
Q3
Median
Min
Figure 49
Subscribership Ratio Distributions by Average Age of County Population (in Deciles) as of December 31, 2021
Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year Estimates; Census 2010.
observation below Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1); and
is a data point beyond Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1) or Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1). Ratios greater than 1 were set to 1.
but note also that + denotes the position of the average residential subscribership ratio taken across all counties in the decile;
is the minimum observation above Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1); T is the maximum
Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of residential subscribership to connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction for counties in the average age decile. Some of the features are labeled,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Subscribership Ratio
Lower Average Age County Average Age by Decile Higher Average Age
Subscribership Ratio
Average 0.86
Median 0.89
0.86
0.88
0.83
0.85
0.81
0.84
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.83
0.80
0.81
0.79
0.82
0.82
0.85
0.89
0.95
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Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
40
Lowest Density Highest Density
Figure 50
Subscribership Ratios by Technology and Tract Household Density as of December 31, 2021
(Residential fixed connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction)
Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010.
connections to households across tracts in the percentile.
estimated tract households to tract land area from the Census Bureau. For each percentile, the height of the bar represents the household-weighted average ratio of residential fixed
This chart shows subscribership ratios by technology and household density. Tracts were grouped into 100 density percentiles based on households per square mile, calculated as the ratio of
aDSL Cable Modem FTTP Satellite Fixed Wireless
Percentage of Residential Fixed High-Speed Connections
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
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Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
41
Richest
Poorest
Lowest Density
Highest Density
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Figure 51
Average Subscribership Ratios by Income and Household Density as of December 31, 2021
(Residential fixed connections over 200 kbps in at least one direction by Tract)
Sources: FCC Form 477; 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates; and Census 2010.
residential fixed connections to households across tracts in the decile.
estimated tract households to tract land area, and median household income. For each quantile, the height of the grid represents the household-weighted average ratio of
This chart shows subscribership ratios by household density and income quantiles. Tracts were grouped into 400 density/income quantiles based on households per square mile, calculated as the ratio of
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Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
Technical Notes
General
The information presented in this report is based on data from FCC Form 477. Through FCC
Form 477, facilities-based broadband providers submit information to the FCC about where they
offer and have subscribers to Internet access services over 200 kilobits per second (kbps) in at
least one direction. In June 2013, the Commission adopted several changes to FCC Form 477.
9
Detailed information about those changes and about the FCC Form 477 reporting requirements
in general is available at www.fcc.gov/form477.
In March 2020, Congress passed the Broadband Data Act which required the Commission to
collect broadband availability data at a more granular level than what was historically reported
through FCC Form 477.
10
As a result, starting in June 2022, broadband availability data have
been collected through the Broadband Data Collection (BDC) while subscription data continues
to be reported through FCC Form 477. To ensure consistency across the two data collections,
several minor changes were made to the FCC Form 477 reporting requirements beginning with
filings as of June 30, 2022. Complete reporting requirements for both, the BDC and FCC Form
477, can be found here: www.fcc.gov/BroadbandData/filers. The inaugural BDC filing window
for data as of June 30, 2022 was closed on September 1, 2022. Subscription data collected as
part of the BDC will be incorporated into this report beginning with the June 30, 2022 edition.
FCC Form 477 collects information about Internet access connections in service to end-user
locations that are advertised to deliver information to and/or from the end user – that is, in at
least one direction – at transfer rates (speeds) above 200 kilobits per second (kbps). Information
is collected about the number of connections by the advertised speeds associated with each
product subscribed to in the relevant geographic area, census tracts for fixed and states for
mobile. Fixed providers report connections by the maximum advertised upload and download
speeds, while mobile providers report connections by minimum advertised upload and download
speeds. Fixed connections are further categorized by the technology employed by the part of the
connection that terminates at the end-user location. Wherever a number of providers is cited in
this report, multiple FCC Form 477 filers within a holding company structure count as one
provider.
“End users” are residential, business, institutional, or government entities who use services for
their own purposes and who do not resell such services to other entities. Facilities-based
providers report information about connections they provide directly to their own end-user
customers and also connections that they provide to Internet Service Providers for resale to end
users. For FCC Form 477 purposes, the facilities-based provider of a connection is the entity
that owns the portion of the physical facility that terminates at the end-user location, obtains an
unbundled network element (UNE), special access line, or other leased facility that terminates at
9
Modernizing the FCC Form 477 Data Program, WC Docket No. 11-10, Report and Order, 28 FCC Rcd 9887
(2013). See also High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2014 (March 2016) at 1-2,
available at https://www.fcc.gov/reports-research/reports/internet-access-services-reports/internet-access-services-
reports.
10
Broadband Deployment Accuracy and Technological Availability Act, Pub. L. No. 116-130, 134 Stat. 228 (2020)
(codified at 47 U.S.C. §§ 641-646) (Broadband DATA Act or Act).
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Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
the end-user location and provisions/equips it as a connection that transfers information at rates
over 200 kbps in at least one direction, or provisions/equips a wireless channel that transfers
information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction to the end-user location over licensed
spectrum or over spectrum that the provider uses on an unlicensed basis.
The mutually exclusive FCC Form 477 technology categories are: asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Line (aDSL in this report); symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (sDSL); other copper
wireline; cable modem; optical carrier / fiber to the end user; satellite; terrestrial fixed wireless
(using licensed or unlicensed spectrum); mobile wireless; and all other (which is included to
capture deployment of additional technologies over time). In the FCC Form 477 data collection,
aDSL-based services delivered over fiber-to-the-node architecture are reported in the aDSL
category. The other wireline category comprises T1/DS1, T3/DS3, and other copper-based
connections, not elsewhere categorized, that deliver Internet access service at the end-user
location. Ethernet connections delivering Internet access service are reported in the other
wireline category if the connection terminates over copper and in the FTTP category if the
connection terminates over fiber. Connections deployed over hybrid fiber-coax (HFC)
architecture are reported in the cable modem category. Wireless ISPs (WISPs) report in the
fixed wireless category if providing service to dispersed, fixed end-user locations and report in
the mobile wireless category if providing a commercial service that can be received at any
location within a service footprint. Wireless local area networks (such as Wi-Fi hotspots) that
only enable local distribution and sharing of a premises connection are not included, although the
shared premises connection is included.
Numbers of connections presented in this report are not adjusted for the number of persons at a
single end-user location who have access to, or who use, the Internet access services delivered
over the connection to that location.
Numbers of residential connections are estimated based on the total connections and percentage-
residential connections information reported on FCC Form 477.
Census tracts
Since the collection of data as of December 31, 2008, facilities-based providers of reportable
fixed-location Internet access connections have been reporting connection counts at the census
tract level of detail. Facilities-based mobile wireless providers report connection counts by state
rather than census tract.
The census tract-level data summarized in this report were collected for tracts in the 2020
decennial census. For the purposes of this report, there are 85,160 census tracts because we
exclude census tracts delineated specifically to cover large bodies of water.
Ratios of residential fixed-location connections to households that exceed 100%
We estimate the share of households with fixed-location connections in individual census tracts
by taking the ratio of the reported number of fixed-location residential service connections to the
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Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
estimated number of households. We continue to find “outlier” estimates at or above 100% and
to find that the number of outliers is substantially reduced when estimates are made for
individual counties rather than for individual census tracts.
Possible explanations of ratios at or above 100% include: (1) geocoding misallocations of service
locations to census tracts; (2) proper allocation of connections to the county level by some filers,
but improper allocation of all connections to a single tract in the county; (3) possible
overestimation of residential connections in service plans for which the customer base is
primarily residential; and (4) connections at seasonally or occasionally occupied housing units,
such as vacation homes, while the household is counted elsewhere. The numbers of households
in census tracts that were used to generate the estimated ratios are themselves estimates (from
Census 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates), which could have an independent effect.
Maps showing residential subscribership rates by census tract
The two maps based on estimated Internet access connections over 200 kbps in at least one
direction per 1,000 households (that is, estimated household subscribership rates) exclude all
connections identified as business connections and necessarily exclude residential mobile
wireless connections (which are reported for the state but not for individual census tracts).
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Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
Glossary
Term Definition
aDSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line: A digital local loop
typically using copper facilities and providing greater bandwidth
in
one direction than the other.
Cable modem service A service which offers customers access to the Internet over a
cable system.
Downstream speed
Speed of transmission from the Internet to the end user.
End users Residential, business, institutional, or government entities who
use services for their own purposes and who do not resell such
services to other entities.
Facilities-based provider Entity that owns the portion of the physical facility that terminates
at the end-user location, obtains an unbundled network element
(UNE), special access line, or other leased facility that terminates
at the end-user location and provisions/equips it as a connection
that transfers information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one
direction, or provisions/equips a wireless channel that transfers
information at rates over 200 kbps in at least one direction to the
end-user location over licensed spectrum or over spectrum that the
provider uses on an unlicensed basis.
Fixed wireless
A radio communication service between specified fixed points.
Fixed
technologies
All technologies other than terrestrial mobile wireless.
FTTH or FTTP Fiber to the Home (Premises): A network access architecture in
which optical fiber is deployed all the way to the customer’s home
(premises).
Internet access service
Service that provides end users access to the Internet.
ISPs Internet Service Providers: Companies or organizations that
provide Internet access service (see above).
Mobile wireless service A radio communication service between mobile and fixed
stations, or between mobile stations.
Mobile wireless provider
Provider of mobile wireless service (see above).
Other wireline All copper-wire based technologies other than DSL technologies;
Ethernet over copper and T
-
1 are examples.
Power line Internet access service delivered over electric power transmission
lines.
Satellite communications A telecommunications service provided via one or more satellite
relays and their
associated uplinks and downlinks.
sDSL Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line: DSL technology that
provides equal bandwidth for both uploads and downloads.
Speed tiers Sub-groupings defined by ranges of upstream speeds and
downstream speeds.
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Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021
Upstream speed
Speed of transmission from the end user to the Internet.
Wi-Fi hotspot Wireless Fidelity: Generic term referring to any type of IEEE
802.11 wireless network.
A hotspot is a small geographic area in
which users can gain access to a Wi-Fi network which in turn
connects to the Internet.
Wireless service Telephone, Internet, data, and other services provided to
customers through the transmission of signals over networks of
radio towers.
Wireless service provider
Provider of wireless service
(see above).
WISP Wireless ISP: A company that provides end users with wireless
access to the Internet, most commonly by using radio spectrum
designated for unlicensed use.
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Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 2021